This book challenges the view of Spain as backward, 'timeless' and isolated from wider European movements; impervious to modernity. By tracing the diffusion of democratic ideas and republican associations in the towns and villages of eastern Andalucia between 1854 and 1875, Spain is shown to have shared fully in Europe's mid-nineteenth century democratic enthusiasm. Small town Democrats captured the imagination hundreds of thousands of rural people who viewed politics as an esoteric pastime occupying only the wealthy and the educated. They achieved this by using the press for delivering their message, by organizing clandestine Carbonari societies for extending their support and fighting elections, by preparing for summer (mostly abortive) popular insurrections, and by dramatising the analogy between the Italian Risorgimento and Spain's own regeneration. Hence, during the two decades of political conflict that preceded the 'Glorious' Revolution of September 1868, Spain moved from patrician to mass politics. The book explores this political awakening by tracing the heated rivalry between two neighbours from Granada's second city of Loja, the centre of the region of study. The lives of Conservative chieftain General Ramón Maria Narváez, Duke of Valencia, appointed seven times as First Minister by Queen Isabel, and Rafael Pérez del Alamo, a veterinarian blacksmith who in July 1861 led Spain's first civilian 'socialist' mass uprising, exemplify the two competing visions of political modernity that divided Spain during nineteenth Century, and had such tragic consequences for the twentieth.