The essay deals with the theme of equality (and inequality) in Marx’s thinking by proposing two main approaches. The first, a traditional one, is historicalreconstructive and is based on young Marx’s writings regarding the issues of the State and democracy. The second approach focuses instead on the Capital. The young Marx points out that the formal inequality among citizens in the State corresponds to the substantive inequality between men in civil society. Therefore, formal (legal) equality does not contribute to achieving the fulfillment of human nature. However, bourgeois equality is not an arbitrary fiction, since it is necessary for the proper functioning of the system and, especially, of the market —the phantasmagorical world of the circulation of goods—. For this reason, among others, Marx’s Capital begins by addressing the issues of wealth, the circulation of commodities, the market and money. In the process of exchange, different products of labor are equal with one another; that is, different use-values (on the qualitative level) are equated with money (on the quantitative level). This process, however, also equates different kinds of labor; and it equates the men who sell their labor power. Thus, the last part of this essay is focused on the Marxian idea of abolition of money, as exposed in the Critique of the Gotha program (1875).