This is a study of the ideological and political relationship between Zionism and anti-Semitism in modern Germany from the nineteenth century through the Third Reich, focusing on the Nazi years between 1933 and 1942. It considers this topic within the context of three contentious issues in post-Holocaust historiography and debate: the nature of modern German anti-Semitism, the decision-making process leading to the Nazi mass murder of the Jews of Europe, and the nature and role of German Zionism in German-Jewish history before the Shoah. This study examines the assault of German anti-Semitism and Nazi Jewish policy on the Jews of Germany, as well as the ideological and political responses of some German Jews, the Zionists, to that assault. It concludes that the approaches of German anti-Semitism and National Socialism to Zionism and the Zionist movement in Germany reflect a relatively consistent ideology that was applied in an inconsistent and often contradictory manner, one that in the end undermined the efforts of German Zionism to achieve fundamental Zionist goals.